1. Introduction of Cardiology

We will mainly study 4 things in introduction: cardiovascular disease, physical examination, heart murmur, and cardiac imaging.

1. Cardiovascular disease

1) Blood pressure(BP)

Blood pressure work out with to pressures: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which refers to the pressure of contraction and relaxation of the heart. The normal pressure of the heart is approximately 120/80 with the systolic number on the top of the sphygmomanometer. These pressure Is one of the important vital signs of the body, and they varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.

On sphygmomanometer, there is an inflator bag, which is the measuring unit of blood pressure. Choose the appropriate size by the circumference of the patient's arm. The height of the inflator bag should be 40% of the arm circumference, and the width should be 80%.

Notice that If the inflator bag is too short, it cannot cover the entire circumference of the arm, so the inflator bag's pressure can't reach the blood vessels properly. And since the higher pressure of the bag is required for blocking the blood vessels, it will result high blood pressure than it real is. Oppositely, when the inflator bag is long than usual, it is easier to block blood flow, so blood pressure is measured lower. To summarize, if the length of the inflator bag is too short, it will measure higher than it actually is. Also, if it is too long, it will measure lower than it actually is.

Before measuring BP, notice patients to refrain from coffee and smoking for more than 30 minutes and take a rest for 5 minutes. Place the arm that will be measured on a table, and make the height of the arm is equal to the height of the heart. More precisely, the bronchial artery should be placed at the same level of the heart. Also, place the inflator bag 2~3cm above the forearm and place the bronchial artery in the center.

It is a rule to measure BP at least twice and use the average value of it. Especially, hypertension diagnosis should average two or more BPs measured at different times. In addition, when a patient is first measuring, be sure to measure in both arms.

2) Syncope

Blood pressure work out with to pressures: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which refers to the pressure of contraction and relaxation of the heart. The normal pressure of the heart is approximately 120/80 with the systolic number on the top of the sphygmomanometer. These pressure Is one of the important vital signs of the body, and they varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.

On sphygmomanometer, there is an inflator bag, which is the measuring unit of blood pressure. Choose the appropriate size by the circumference of the patient's arm. The height of the inflator bag should be 40% of the arm circumference, and the width should be 80%.

Notice that If the inflator bag is too short, it cannot cover the entire circumference of the arm, so the inflator bag's pressure can't reach the blood vessels properly. And since the higher pressure of the bag is required for blocking the blood vessels, it will result high blood pressure than it real is. Oppositely, when the inflator bag is long than usual, it is easier to block blood flow, so blood pressure is measured lower. To summarize, if the length of the inflator bag is too short, it will measure higher than it actually is. Also, if it is too long, it will measure lower than it actually is.

Before measuring BP, notice patients to refrain from coffee and smoking for more than 30 minutes and take a rest for 5 minutes. Place the arm that will be measured on a table, and make the height of the arm is equal to the height of the heart. More precisely, the bronchial artery should be placed at the same level of the heart. Also, place the inflator bag 2~3cm above the forearm and place the bronchial artery in the center.

It is a rule to measure BP at least twice and use the average value of it. Especially, hypertension diagnosis should average two or more BPs measured at different times. In addition, when a patient is first measuring, be sure to measure in both arms.

3) Chest Discomfort (Chest Pain)

Blood pressure work out with to pressures: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which refers to the pressure of contraction and relaxation of the heart. The normal pressure of the heart is approximately 120/80 with the systolic number on the top of the sphygmomanometer. These pressure Is one of the important vital signs of the body, and they varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.

On sphygmomanometer, there is an inflator bag, which is the measuring unit of blood pressure. Choose the appropriate size by the circumference of the patient's arm. The height of the inflator bag should be 40% of the arm circumference, and the width should be 80%.

Notice that If the inflator bag is too short, it cannot cover the entire circumference of the arm, so the inflator bag's pressure can't reach the blood vessels properly. And since the higher pressure of the bag is required for blocking the blood vessels, it will result high blood pressure than it real is. Oppositely, when the inflator bag is long than usual, it is easier to block blood flow, so blood pressure is measured lower. To summarize, if the length of the inflator bag is too short, it will measure higher than it actually is. Also, if it is too long, it will measure lower than it actually is.

Before measuring BP, notice patients to refrain from coffee and smoking for more than 30 minutes and take a rest for 5 minutes. Place the arm that will be measured on a table, and make the height of the arm is equal to the height of the heart. More precisely, the bronchial artery should be placed at the same level of the heart. Also, place the inflator bag 2~3cm above the forearm and place the bronchial artery in the center.

It is a rule to measure BP at least twice and use the average value of it. Especially, hypertension diagnosis should average two or more BPs measured at different times. In addition, when a patient is first measuring, be sure to measure in both arms.

2. Physical Examination of the Heart

1) Blood pressure(BP)

Blood pressure work out with to pressures: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which refers to the pressure of contraction and relaxation of the heart. The normal pressure of the heart is approximately 120/80 with the systolic number on the top of the sphygmomanometer. These pressure Is one of the important vital signs of the body, and they varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.

On sphygmomanometer, there is an inflator bag, which is the measuring unit of blood pressure. Choose the appropriate size by the circumference of the patient's arm. The height of the inflator bag should be 40% of the arm circumference, and the width should be 80%.

Notice that If the inflator bag is too short, it cannot cover the entire circumference of the arm, so the inflator bag's pressure can't reach the blood vessels properly. And since the higher pressure of the bag is required for blocking the blood vessels, it will result high blood pressure than it real is. Oppositely, when the inflator bag is long than usual, it is easier to block blood flow, so blood pressure is measured lower. To summarize, if the length of the inflator bag is too short, it will measure higher than it actually is. Also, if it is too long, it will measure lower than it actually is.

Before measuring BP, notice patients to refrain from coffee and smoking for more than 30 minutes and take a rest for 5 minutes. Place the arm that will be measured on a table, and make the height of the arm is equal to the height of the heart. More precisely, the bronchial artery should be placed at the same level of the heart. Also, place the inflator bag 2~3cm above the forearm and place the bronchial artery in the center.

It is a rule to measure BP at least twice and use the average value of it. Especially, hypertension diagnosis should average two or more BPs measured at different times. In addition, when a patient is first measuring, be sure to measure in both arms.